After examining the simplest statements thaï can be based on a verb, a noun and an adjective, we go on to more complex statements involving articles, relative clauses and négations. Emphasis is laid on the systematic transformation ofa sentence into a semantic formula, h appears that such semantic formulae can be interpre ted correctly only in a logical system wit h three truth-values. Moreover one must suppose that the elementary relations associâted wit h the verb s, nouns and adjective s range not on individuals, but on sets of individuals.

Research in computer chess has been active for over three decades. Over that period, computer chess has fallen from the position of being a prominent research application in artificial intelligence to a peripheral area. In this paper, we take a retrospective look at what has been accomplished, in order to understand where the field is today and where it is headed tomorrow. Whereas the past has often been clouded by engineering passing as science, misspent effort for short-term gains, and research results with little applicability to other domains, there is evidence that computer chess is emerging from the shadow of its past and may now be recapturing some of its lost stature in the research world.

John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Robinson, J.A. (1965) "A Machine Oriented Logic Based on the Resolution Principle".

Northwestern students who are interested in changing their major, or simply sampling the computer science field, can take individual introductory courses.

In researc which lan uac; assumed knowled way it use of provide impreci recent h into a is to e. In that on re of th is used the cons s, to na se acous years, utomati (r,et a nost e need e lan u (pragma traints ke sens tic sit there has c speech u computer of this s to pro are (its s tics). It and expec e of the i nal that i been a nderstan to und recent a vide th yntax an will th tations nherentl s human rroat increase in dine, the purpose of erstand the spoken ctivity, it has been e computer with a d semantics) and the en be able to make which this knowledfre y vaf ue, sloppy and soeech. Syntactic constraints and expectations are based on the patterns formed by a Riven set of linguistic objects, e. .

A computer program has been written that successfully discovers syntheses for complex organic chemical moleculeB. The definition of the search space and strategies for heuristic search are described in this paper. It is not growing like a tree... ...In small proportions we just beauties see; - Ben Jonson. Introduction The design of application of artificial intelligence to a scientific task such as Organic Chemical Synthesis was the topic of a Doctoral Thesis completed in the summer of 197I. Chemical synthesis in practice involves i) the choice of molecule to be synthesized; ii) the formulation and specification of a plan for synthesis (involving a valid reaction pathway leading from commercial or readily available compounds to the target compounds with consideration of feasibility regarding the purposes of synthesis); iii) the selection of specific individual steps of reaction and their temporal ordering for execution; iv) the experimental execution of the synthesis and v) the redesign of syntheses, if necessary, depending upon the experimental results. In contrast to the physical synthesis of the molecule, the activity in ii) above can be termed the'formal synthesis'. This development of the specification of syntheses involves no laboratory technique and is carried out mainly on paper and in the minds of chemists (and now within a computer's memory!). Importance and Difficulty of Chemical Synthesis The importance of chemical synthesis is undeniable and there is emphatic testimony to the high regard held by scientists for synthesis chemists.

A theorem prover for part of arithmetic in described which proves theorems by representing them in the form of a diagram or network. The nodes of this network represent 'ideal integers', i.e. objects which have all the properties of integers, without being any particular intoger. The links in the network represent relationships between 'ideal integers'. The procedures which draw these diagrams make elementary deductions based on their built-in knowledge of the functions and predicates of arithmetic. This theorem prover is intended as a model of some kinds of human problem-solving behaviour. Also found at EdinburghIn IJCAI-73: THIRD INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 20-23 August 1973, Stanford University Stanford, California.

This paper describes the structure and operation of the Hearsay speech understanding system by the use of a specific example illustrating the various stages of recognition. The system consists of a set of cooperating independent processes, each representing a source of Knowledge. The knowledge is used either to predict what may appear in a given context or to verify hypotheses resulting from a prediction. The structure of the system is illustrated by considering its Operation in a particular task situation: Voice-Chess. The representation and use of various sources of knowledge are outlined. Preliminary results of the reduction in search resulting from the use of various sources of knowledge are given.See also: IEEE Transactions on Computers C-25:427-431.(1976).In IJCAI-73: THIRD INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 20-23 August 1973, Stanford University Stanford, California.

At the present stage of research in artificial intelligence , machines are stil l remote from achieving a level of intelligence comparable in complexity to human thought. As computer applications become more sophisticated, however, and thus more influential in human affairs , it becomes increasingly important to understand both the capabilities and limitations of machine Intelligence and its potential impact on society. To this end, the artificial intelligence field was ex­amined in a systematic manner. The study was divided into two parts : (1) Delineation of areas of artificial intelligence, and postulatio " of hypothetical prod­ucts resulting from progress in the field , and (2) A judgmental portion, which involved appli­cations and implications of the products to society . For the latter purpose, a Delphi study was conducted among experts in the artificial intelligence field to solicit their opinion concerning prototype and com­mercial dates for the products, and the possibility and desirability of their applications and implications .In IJCAI-73: THIRD INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 20-23 August 1973, Stanford University Stanford, California.

David E. Rumelhart Donald A. Norman Department of Psychology University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 Abstract A general system to simulate human cognitive processes is described. The four-part system comprises a nodespace to store the network structure; a supervisor; a transition network parser; and an interpreter. The method by which noun phrases operate and the process for the determiner "the" is presented. An analysis of verb structures illustrates how network structures can be constructed from primitive verb definitions that get at the underlying structures of particular verbs. The paper concludes with an illustration of a problem in question-asking. A Model of Human Memory We have constructed a large general simulation of human language and long-term memory on the premise that the study of the interrelationships among psychological processes will lead to more insight into human cognition and memory. The general implementation is basically complete, and a variety of users are starting to study specific psychological tasks (language understanding; children's development of language; primitive verb structure; reading; inference; game playing--Go and Gomoku; visual representation and memory; learning; and question answering). It is still too early to report on the results of the psychological investigation.. Therefore, this paper is a progress report on the system and the underlying psychological principles. The major guidelines have come from our attempts to represent long-term memory structures. We know that people rapidly forget the details about the surface structure of an experience but retain the meaning or interpretation of that experience indefinitely.