It had always been Katherine Goble's great talent to be in the right place at the right time. In August 1952, 12 years after leaving graduate school to have her first child, that right place was in Marion, Virginia, at the wedding of her husband, Jimmy Goble's, little sister Patricia. Pat, a vivacious college beauty queen just two months graduated from Virginia State College, was marrying her college sweetheart, a young army corporal named Walter Kane. Jimmy's other sister and brother-in-law, Margaret and Eric Epps, had journeyed from Newport News, and the newlyweds planned to accompany the Eppses back to the coast, hitching a ride to their honeymoon at Hampton's segregated Bay Shore Beach resort. "Why don't y'all come home with us too?" Eric asked Katherine. "I can get Snook a job at the shipyard," he said, using Jimmy's family nickname. "In fact, I can get both of you jobs." There's a government facility in Hampton that's hiring black women, Eric told Katherine, and they're looking for mathematicians. It's a civilian job, he told her, but attached to Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory--the oldest outpost of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA. Katherine listened intently as her brother-in-law described the work, her thumb cradling her chin, her index finger extended along her cheek, the signal that she was listening carefully. She and Jimmy made a living as public school teachers, but their paychecks were modest. The needs of their three growing daughters seemed greater by the day, and the couple could only just cover their basics and squeeze out a little extra for piano lessons or Girl Scouts. Deft with a sewing machine, Katherine bought fabric from the dry goods store and stayed up nights making school outfits for the girls and dresses for herself.

Yiling Chen (yiling@seas.harvard.edu) is Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Arpita Ghosh (arpitaghosh@cornell.edu) is an associate professor of information science at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Michael Kearns (mkearns@cis.upenn.edu) is a professor and National Center Chair of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Tim Roughgarden (tim@cs.stanford.edu) is an associate professor of CS at Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Jennifer Wortman Vaughan (jenn@microsoft.com) is a senior researcher at Microsoft Research, New York, NY.

Biologically based computational modeling promises virtual characters capable of face-to-face human interaction. Of all the experiences we have in life, face-to-face interaction fills many of our most meaningful moments. The complex interplay of facial expressions, eye gaze, head movements, and vocalizations in quickly evolving "social interaction loops" has enormous influence on how a situation will unfold. From birth, these interactions are a fundamental element of learning and lay the foundation for successful social and emotional functioning through life. What are the underlying processes from which this most human form of interaction emerges? Will we be able to interact with computers in a face-to-face way that feels natural? This article discusses the unique challenges of realistically simulating the appearance and behavior of the face to create interactive autonomous virtual human models that support naturalistic learning and have the "illusion of life." We describe our recent progress toward this goal with "BabyX," an autonomously animated psycho-biological model of a virtual infant. While we explore drivers of facial behavior, we also expect this foundational approach has the potential for more "human" computer interfaces. We also describe our work on our "Auckland Face Simulator" we are developing to broaden this work beyond infants and give a more realistic face and a greater biological basis to adult conversational agents. Simulating the face has great potential for human-computer interaction (HCI), as it increases the available communication channels between humans and machines in an intuitive, accessible way. But it is also a vehicle with which to explore our own nature.

A full-body virtual autopsy of an ancient Egyptian mummy showed visitors he was likely murdered. By combining visualization techniques with interactive multi-touch tables and intuitive user interfaces, visitors to museums and science centers can conduct self-guided tours of large volumetric image data. In an interactive learning experience, visitors become the explorers of otherwise invisible interiors of unique artifacts and subjects. Here, we take as our starting point the state of the art in scanning technologies, then discuss the latest research on high-quality interactive volume rendering and how it can be tailored to meet the specific demands of public venues. We then describe our approach to the creation of interactive stories and the design principles on which they are based and interaction with domain experts. The article is based on experience from several application domains but uses a 2012 public installation of an ancient mummy at the British Museum as its primary example. We also present the results of an evaluation of the installation showing the utility of the developed solutions. Visitors walk into Gallery 64, the Early Egypt Gallery at the British Museum, eager to see and learn about one of the most famous and oldest mummies in the collection. Known as the Gebelein Man, he was buried in a crouched position in a shallow grave during the late pre-dynastic period at the site of Gebelein in Upper Egypt.

Nations consider using defense systems that can make their own lethal decisions. Most reasonable people can see the benefits of using fully autonomous systems, particularly to help prevent injuries or death, as is the case with advanced driver assistance systems increasingly found in automobiles. When it comes to autonomous systems that are designed to take life rather than preserve it, there is significantly more debate. Currently, the U.S. and other nations do not have any weapons systems that can operate fully autonomously, which is defined in military parlance as selecting, aiming, and firing at a target without a human being "in the loop," or somehow in control of the weapon system. However, a variety of military weapons systems operate semiautonomously, requiring some human control or input to select or choose targets, but relying on pre-programmed algorithms to execute a strike.

I was eager to learn about the latest developments in the Semantic Web through the lens of a "new kind of semantics" as Abraham Bernstein et al. explored in their Viewpoint "A New Look at the Semantic Web" (Sept. If I understand it correctly, semantics is a mapping function that leads from manifest expressions to elements in a given arbitrary domain. Based on set theory, logicians have developed a framework to set up such mapping for formal languages like mathematics, provided one can fix an interpretation function. On the other hand, 20th-century logicians (notably Alfred Tarski) warned of the limits of the framework when applied to human languages. Now, to the extent it embraces a set-theoretic semantics (as in the W3C's Ontology Web Language), the Semantic Web seems to be facing exactly such limitations or experiencing, dealing with, and suffering them.

Changing geopolitical strategy and rapid technological progress are also conspiring to render the term military increasingly incoherent. The United States--the one power to emerge unscathed from World War II and ascendant from the Cold War, and the one power that invests the greatest amount of resources in its battle-hardened military--possesses such overwhelming conventional military superiority over anyone else that potential adversaries instead embrace asymmetric warfare. Thus, Gen. Valery Gerasimov, chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia, wrote in a seminal article in 2014 that "the very'rules of war' have changed. The role of nonmilitary means of achieving political and strategic goals has ... in many cases ... exceeded the power of force of weapons in their effectiveness." He also spoke of the need for "the broad use of political, economic, informational, humanitarian, and other nonmilitary measures," with conventional force "resorted to ... primarily for the achievement of final success in the conflict."

Project Malmo, a platform that uses the world of Minecraft as a testing ground for advanced artificial intelligence research and innovation, is available for novice to experienced programmers on GitHub via an open-source license. The system is primarily designed to help researchers develop sophisticated AI that can do things like learn, converse, make decisions and complete complex tasks. It supports research on a range of methods such as reinforcement learning, deep learning and symbolic AI, allowing researchers to compare and integrate different approaches to advance AI understanding, reasoning, learning and communications. Project Malmo is available at aka.ms/github-malmo

'We are at the most dangerous moment in the development of humanity': Stephen Hawking warns we are at risk of destroying Earth We are living through the most dangerous time in the history of the human race, according to Professor Stephen Hawking. The Cambridge University physics professor named overpopulation, climate change and diseases as just some of the threats facing our planet. He said we have developed technology that could destroy Earth, and we must'retrain' for a new world where robots have replaced many everyday jobs. We are living through the most dangerous time in the history of the human race, according to Professor Stephen Hawking. Writing in a comment article in The Guardian, Professor Hawking explained what worries him about the future of our planet.

A U.K. startup that uses artificial intelligence to help banks and other financial firms with anti-money laundering compliance received $8.2 million to fund its expansion in Europe and North America. The financing for London-based ComplyAdvantage is being lead by British venture capital firm Balderton Capital. The company, which said in a statement it has 200 clients globally, said it would use the money to expand its operations, adding to its current team of about 50 employees. It will also open a sales office in New York this week. Complying with the growing body of anti-money laundering and know-your-customer regulations around the world is becoming an expensive headache for financial institutions.