Though most of the truly futuristic projects are probably years from the commercial market, scientists say that after a lull, artificial intelligence has rapidly grown far more sophisticated. Today some scientists are beginning to use the term cognitive computing, to distinguish their research from an earlier generation of artificial intelligence work. What sets the new researchers apart is a wealth of new biological data on how the human brain functions. "There's definitely been a palpable upswing in methods, competence and boldness," said Eric Horvitz, a Microsoft researcher who is president-elect of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. "At conferences you are hearing the phrase'human-level A.I.,' and people are saying that without blushing."

Donald Michie, a versatile British scientist and early theorist of artificial intelligence who helped develop a "smart" industrial robot and then applied the technology to diverse fields, died on July 7 in Britain. Dr. Michie (pronounced MICK-ee) died in a car accident near London along with his former wife, Anne McLaren, a biologist and pioneering researcher in the field of reproduction. In the early 1970s, in work that received international attention and helped make Britain a force in advancing artificial intelligence, Dr. Michie led a team that produced "Freddy," a computer-directed robotic arm that could choose and assemble parts from a jumbled and potentially confusing array. To demonstrate Freddy's capabilities, Dr. Michie programmed the machine to put together the parts of a toy truck. Nils J. Nilsson, an emeritus professor of engineering at Stanford University and a former chairman of the department of computer science there, said the machine was "ahead of its time" and impressed researchers at Stanford and elsewhere as "one of the first automatic assembly systems in the world."

Charles A. Rosen, an engineer who was an early researcher in robotic and artificial intelligence and a founder of Ridge Vineyards in Cupertino, Calif., died on Dec. 8 at his home in Atherton, Calif. Born in Montreal, Mr. Rosen came to the United States as a teenager. He studied electrical engineering at Cooper Union in New York City and earned a Ph.D. at Syracuse University. During World War II, he returned to Canada to work on Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft being sent to Britain. After the war, he worked on transistor theory at General Electric Research Laboratories in Schenectady, N.Y., and was the coauthor of an early book on the subject.

Halfway through the last century, information became a thing. It became a commodity, a force -- a quantity to be measured and analyzed. It's what our world runs on. Information is the gold and the fuel. Shannon is the father of information theory, an actual science devoted to messages and signals and communication and computing.

Dr. Anne Foerst, 34, a researcher at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the director of M.I.T.'s God and Computers project, apologized on a recent afternoon that a certain robot named Kismet wouldn't be joining our interview. ''Cynthia Breazeal, who built Kismet, is away in Japan right now and there's no getting her going,'' Dr. Foerst said in her German accent, ''but you'd love her. At the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, engineers are trying to build robots with social skills and humanlike experiences, and so, as an experiment, they've created creatures that they think humans will relate to. Dr. Foerst, a Lutheran minister who supported herself by repairing computers during eight years of higher education in Germany, serves as theological adviser to the scientists building Kismet and the robot's brother, Cog. What exactly do people do here at this laboratory? A. We are trying to build robots that are social and embodied.

A US study ran a head-to-head comparison between doctors and a series of symptom checkers using what are known as clinical vignettes. Clinical vignettes have been used for many years to help hone trainee doctors' diagnostic skills. They are essentially diagnostic puzzles based on real-life case reports designed to test training and clinical knowledge. The researchers provided 45 clinical vignettes to more than 200 doctors. They found doctors were twice as likely to diagnose accurately first time compared with online symptom-checking applications.

A fire detector that can tell the difference between burning toast and a burning building could save money, annoyance, and possibly even lives, by cutting down on false alarms. German company Siemens will start selling the detector in the UK to commercial users by January 2006, and the technology could eventually make its way into homes, says the firm's fire safety manager, Andrew Morgan. The detector uses four sensors and a neural network to determine if the smoke and heat it's detecting are from a fire or are just part of the normal room environment. In the UK more than half of the 872,000 fire call-outs in 2004 were bogus, and 285,000 of those false alarms were due to fire detectors. Responding to false alarms costs money, and in the home annoying false alarms encourage people to disable their alarms.

A computer-assisted proof of a 150-year-old mathematical conjecture can at last be checked by human mathematicians. The Four Colour Theorem, proposed by Francis Guthrie in 1852, states that any four colours are the minimum needed to fill in a flat map without any two regions of the same colour touching. A proof of the theorem was announced by two US mathematicians, Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, in 1976. But a crucial portion of their work involved checking many thousands of maps – a task that can only feasibly be done using a computer. So a long-standing concern has been that some hidden flaw in the computer code they used might undermine the overall logic of the proof.

Come the summer, many minds will turn to sport as the London Olympics kicks off. So it seems apt that, in a special issue this week, Nature invites its readers to embrace and celebrate a superb marathon runner -- who also happened to be one of the brightest minds of all time. Alan Turing, computer pioneer, wartime code-breaker and polymath, was born in London on 23 June 1912. But for injury, he would probably have joined the British Olympic team for the London games of 1948. Yet, 100 years and one month after his birth, when the Olympics will return to the city, no official celebration of the connection is planned.

"Some philosophers hold that philosophy is what you do to a problem until it's clear enough to solve it by doing science. Others hold that if a philosophical problem succumbs to empirical methods, that shows it wasn't really philosophical to begin with." "The chance of the quantum theoretician is not the ethical freedom of the Augustinian." "There's something queer about describing consciousness: whatever people mean to say, they just can't seem to make it clear. It's not like feeling confused or ignorant. Instead, we feel we know what's going on but can't describe it properly. How could anything seem so close, yet always keep beyond our reach?" How can mind arise from nonmind? In examining human thought through the ages, philosophers appear to have gone down one of two paths. One school of thought, which we might call mind as machine, starts with the observation that human thought takes place in the human brain. The brain, in turn, is made up of tens to hundreds of billions of neurons. Neurons, while not simple structures, can nonetheless be fully understood as biochemical machines. Our brain thus consists of billions of biochemical machines interacting with each other, a fact from which we can draw two conclusions.