Partial concepts are functions that can be undefined in certain parts of the input space.

Could Ukraine hold a presidential election right now? Will Europe use frozen Russian assets to fund war? How can Ukraine rebuild China ties? 'Ukraine is running out of men, money and time' How does the cutoff of Starlink terminals affect Russia's moves in Ukraine? A heavy Russian Geran drone struck a fast-moving train in northern Ukraine on January 27, killing five, wounding two and starting a fire that disfigured the railway carriage.

Sampling is an important research problem in statistics learning with many applications such as Bayesian inference [1], multi-arm bandit optimization [2], and reinforcement learning [3].

Fine-grained zero-shot learning task requires some form of side-information to transfer discriminative information from seen to unseen classes.

But it can also be problematic since it can induce inconsistencies in, e.g., Hessian-based flatness measures,