Several recent works demonstrate that transformers can implement algorithms like gradient descent. By a careful construction of weights, these works show that multiple layers of transformers are expressive enough to simulate iterations of gradient descent.

Hence, the performance of LLMs in various NLP tasks depends significantly onthecrucial roleplayedbytheattention mechanism with thesoftmaxunit.

Social conflict is a survival mechanism yielding both normal and pathological behaviors. Tounderstand its underlying principles, we collected behavioral and whole-brain neural data from mice advancing through stages of social conflict.

The training of language models is typically not an end-to-end process.

A notable example that motivates our work is the problem of minimizing costs (or maximizing rewards) in a single-trajectory Markov Decision Process (MDP).