However, various systems are inherently continuous in time, making discrete-time MDPs an inexact modeling choice. In many applications, such as greenhouse control or medical treatments, each interaction (measurement or switching of action) involves manual intervention and thus is inherently costly.

First, we formalize the problem definition.Weintroducetheconceptof"Idon'tknow (idk) responses" and in this context, honesty necessitates that an aligned LLM provides idk responses for unknown questions and correct responses for known questions.

To remedy this, we introduce temporal certificate sets, a general notion for capturing the intrinsic temporal understanding length associated with a broad range of video understanding tasks & datasets.

Here, we evaluate the role of hierarchical inference and its alignment with brain function in the domain of motion perception.

To answer this question, we begin by revisiting the forward procedure of ViTs. A sequence of positional embeddings (PEs) [51] is added to patch embeddings to preserve position information. Intuitively, simply discarding these PEs and requesting the model to reconstruct the position for each patch naturally becomes a qualified location-aware pretext task.