In the past fifteen years artificial intelligence has changed from being the preoccupation of a handful of scientists to a thriving enterprise that has captured the imagination of world leaders and ordinary citizens alike. While corporate and government officials organize new projects whose potential impact is widespread, to date few people have been more affected by the transition than those already in the field. I review here some aspects of this transition, and pose some issues that it raises for AI researchers, developers, and leaders.

Abstract, Editors' Note: In this provocative article Doyle suggests that many of the benefits of current expert systems technology Knowledge engineers qualified to build expert systems are currently in could be achieved without computer-based implementations. Is there not an intermediary position? This revolution is very Namely, that the problems encountered by today's expert important. The views and conclusions contained manpower. The novice still botches the task, but explains in detail of knowledge engineers in the current fashion.

AI technology transfer Is the diffusion of AI research techniques into commercial products. I have been involved in this process since 1975, when the Artificial Intelligence Corporation began to develop ROBOT, the prototype of INTELLECT, a commercially viable natural language interface to data base systems which has been on the market since 1981. In this article, I will discuss AI technology transfer with particular reference to my experiences with the commercialization of INTELLECT. I will begin with the historical perspective of where the field of AI came from, where it is now, and where it is going. Next, I will describe my interpretation of the present market structure for AI products and some specific marketing perspectives. I will then briefly describe the product INTELLECT and its capabilities as an example of a state-of-the-art commercial system. Next, I will describe some of the experiences, which I think are typical, that my company has encountered in commercialize their systems.

Many techniques for representing knowledge have been proposed, but there have been few reports that compare their application. This article presents an experimental comparison of four knowledge representation schemes: a simple production system, a structured production system. A frame system, and a logic system. We built four pilot expert systems to solve the same problem: risk management of a large construction project. Observations are made about hoe the structure of the domain knowledge affects the implementation of expert systems and their run time efficiency.

Most work in automatic programming has focused primarily on the roles of deduction and programming knowledge. However, the role played by knowledge of the task domain seems to be at least as important, both for the usability of an automatic programming system and for the feasibility of building one which works on non-trivial problems. This perspective has evolved during the course of a variety of studies over the last several years, including detailed examination of existing software for a particular domain (quantitative interpretation of oil well logs) and the implementation of an experimental automatic programming system for that domain. The importance of domain knowledge has two important implications: a primary goal of automatic programming research should be to characterize the programming process for specific domains; and a crucial issue to be addressed in these characterizations is the interaction of domain and programming knowledge during program synthesis.

The second example is of another distinguished scholar who, in a passionate contribution to the debate, stated that ... May I also take this opportunity to praise the staff Western governments, were thereby displaying a full sense of I look forward to the continuing success of the Association social responsibility, and anybody who disagreed with this in all its activities. On the surface this appears Yours sincerely, to be at least logical, until one reflects that it would not Marten E. Bennett be particularly difficult with this kind of argument to prove Gzllingham, Kent, UK that Hitler displayed a sense of social responsiblity, since one has no reason to believe that he was not sincere in believing that Jews, communists, Western capitalists and others would destroy his country if not checked. There is really not much excuse these days for anyone The background to it is the "Marietta affair." University of Cambridge, "Defended to Death," edited by movement protested on the conference site, and after some Gwyn Prins and published by Penguin Books). I came away from the meeting wondering why apparently comments.

The University of Maryland's Computer Science Department conducts a broad research program in both theoretical and applied artificial intelligence. Nine faculty and more than fifty research associates and graduate students are involved in AI research. Projects are funded by a large number of government agencies, as well as by several major corporations. The computing environment will improve dramatically over the next several years, due in large part to Coordinated Experimental Research Department by the National Science Foundation in 1982. In addition to the research program in AI, the Department offers a large number of courses at both the graduate and undergraduate levels on all facets of AI. The principal AI laboratories also sponsor numerous colloquia by visiting scientists and permanent laboratory personnel. The principal research areas are computer vision, search and decision making, parallel problems solving, and database research.

How to Get the Most Out of IJCAI-83 Vol IV, No 1, p 35, Winter-Spring, 1983.

In 1939, he defended a thesis on a new method of calculating A special session entitled "Future Directions In Artificial He was awarded the title Candidate of Intelligence in Washington, D.C. in August. The session, Technical Sciences by the Moscow Institute of Energetics, chaired by Jack Minker, was held to honor Soviet cyberneticist where he worked as a lecturer until the USSR entered World Alexander Yankelovich Lerner's seventieth birthday. He was then commissioned to work at an iron and Minker described Dr. Lerner's contributions to science. The two years of practical work at the Patrick Winston gave a technical presentation, followed by plant led to his book Construction of Industraal Automatic questions from the audience. Electrzcal Drives, published in 1950, together with E.A. Following the session, 228 attendees signed a letter wishing Rosenman. After the war he was appointed head of the Dr. Lerner a happy birthday, and 233 attendees signed USSR's newly established Central ...

This article presents a dual dependency between AI and programming methodologies. AI is an important source of ideas and tools for building sophisticated support facilities which make possible certain programming methodologies. These advanced programming methodologies in turn can have profound effects upon the methodology of AI research. Both of these dependencies are illustrated by the example of anew experimental programming methodology which is based upon current AI ideas about reasoning, representation and control. The manner in which AI systems are designed, developed and tested can be significantly improved in the programming is supported by a sufficiently powerful partial evaluator. In particular, the process of building levels of interpreters and of intertwining generate and test can be partially automated. Finally speculations about a more direct connection between AI and partial evaluation are presented.