"I believe that in 50 years' time it will be possible to make computers play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will have no more than 70% chance of making the right identification after 5 minutes of questioning." Over the course of a month, the game was played by over 1.5 million users who engaged in anonymous two-minute chat sessions with either another human or an AI language model which was prompted to behave like humans. The task of the players was to correctly guess whether they spoke to a person or to an AI. This largest scale Turing-style test conducted to date revealed some interesting facts. For example, overall users guessed the identity of their partners correctly in only 68% of the games. In the subset of the games in which users faced an AI bot, users had even lower correct guess rates of 60% (that is, not much higher than chance). While this experiment calls for many extensions and refinements, these findings already begin to shed light on the inevitable near future which will commingle humans and AI. The famous Turing test, originally proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 as "the imitation game" (Turing, 1950), was proposed as an operational test of intelligence, namely, testing a machine's ability to exhibit behavior indistinguishable from that of a human. In this proposed test, a human evaluator engages in a natural language conversation with both another human and a machine, and tries to distinguish between them. If the evaluator is unable to tell which is which, the machine is said to have passed the test.

In this paper, we propose a nested matrix-tensor model which extends the spiked rank-one tensor model of order three. This model is particularly motivated by a multi-view clustering problem in which multiple noisy observations of each data point are acquired, with potentially non-uniform variances along the views. In this case, data can be naturally represented by an order-three tensor where the views are stacked. Given such a tensor, we consider the estimation of the hidden clusters via performing a best rank-one tensor approximation. In order to study the theoretical performance of this approach, we characterize the behavior of this best rank-one approximation in terms of the alignments of the obtained component vectors with the hidden model parameter vectors, in the large-dimensional regime. In particular, we show that our theoretical results allow us to anticipate the exact accuracy of the proposed clustering approach. Furthermore, numerical experiments indicate that leveraging our tensor-based approach yields better accuracy compared to a naive unfolding-based algorithm which ignores the underlying low-rank tensor structure. Our analysis unveils unexpected and non-trivial phase transition phenomena depending on the model parameters, ``interpolating'' between the typical behavior observed for the spiked matrix and tensor models.

Breast cancer is a prevalent form of cancer among women, with over 1.5 million women being diagnosed each year. Unfortunately, the survival rates for breast cancer patients in certain third-world countries, like South Africa, are alarmingly low, with only 40% of diagnosed patients surviving beyond five years. The inadequate availability of resources, including qualified pathologists, delayed diagnoses, and ineffective therapy planning, contribute to this low survival rate. To address this pressing issue, medical specialists and researchers have turned to domain-specific AI approaches, specifically deep learning models, to develop end-to-end solutions that can be integrated into computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. By improving the workflow of pathologists, these AI models have the potential to enhance the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. This research focuses on evaluating the performance of various cutting-edge convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures in comparison to a relatively new model called the Vision Trans-former (ViT). The objective is to determine the superiority of these models in terms of their accuracy and effectiveness. The experimental results reveal that the ViT models outperform the other selected state-of-the-art CNN architectures, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of 95.15%. This study signifies a significant advancement in the field, as it explores the utilization of data augmentation and other relevant preprocessing techniques in conjunction with deep learning models for the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer using datasets of Breast Cancer Histopathological Image Classification.

Argument mining involves multiple sub-tasks that automatically identify argumentative elements, such as claim detection, evidence extraction, stance classification, etc. However, each subtask alone is insufficient for a thorough understanding of the argumentative structure and reasoning process. To learn a complete view of an argument essay and capture the interdependence among argumentative components, we need to know what opinions people hold (i.e., claims), why those opinions are valid (i.e., supporting evidence), which source the evidence comes from (i.e., evidence type), and how those claims react to the debating topic (i.e., stance). In this work, we for the first time propose a challenging argument quadruplet extraction task (AQE), which can provide an all-in-one extraction of four argumentative components, i.e., claims, evidence, evidence types, and stances. To support this task, we construct a large-scale and challenging dataset. However, there is no existing method that can solve the argument quadruplet extraction. To fill this gap, we propose a novel quad-tagging augmented generative approach, which leverages a quadruplet tagging module to augment the training of the generative framework. The experimental results on our dataset demonstrate the empirical superiority of our proposed approach over several strong baselines.

Intent discovery is the task of inferring latent intents from a set of unlabeled utterances, and is a useful step towards the efficient creation of new conversational agents. We show that recent competitive methods in intent discovery can be outperformed by clustering utterances based on abstractive summaries, i.e., "labels", that retain the core elements while removing non-essential information. We contribute the IDAS approach, which collects a set of descriptive utterance labels by prompting a Large Language Model, starting from a well-chosen seed set of prototypical utterances, to bootstrap an In-Context Learning procedure to generate labels for non-prototypical utterances. The utterances and their resulting noisy labels are then encoded by a frozen pre-trained encoder, and subsequently clustered to recover the latent intents. For the unsupervised task (without any intent labels) IDAS outperforms the state-of-the-art by up to +7.42% in standard cluster metrics for the Banking, StackOverflow, and Transport datasets. For the semi-supervised task (with labels for a subset of intents) IDAS surpasses 2 recent methods on the CLINC benchmark without even using labeled data.

In this work, we studied the synthesis of Swiss German speech using different Text-to-Speech (TTS) models. We evaluated the TTS models on three corpora, and we found, that VITS models performed best, hence, using them for further testing. We also introduce a new method to evaluate TTS models by letting the discriminator of a trained vocoder GAN model predict whether a given waveform is human or synthesized. In summary, our best model delivers speech synthesis for different Swiss German dialects with previously unachieved quality.

Markov jump processes are continuous-time stochastic processes with a wide range of applications in both natural and social sciences. Despite their widespread use, inference in these models is highly non-trivial and typically proceeds via either Monte Carlo or expectation-maximization methods. In this work we introduce an alternative, variational inference algorithm for Markov jump processes which relies on neural ordinary differential equations, and is trainable via back-propagation. Our methodology learns neural, continuous-time representations of the observed data, that are used to approximate the initial distribution and time-dependent transition probability rates of the posterior Markov jump process. The time-independent rates of the prior process are in contrast trained akin to generative adversarial networks. We test our approach on synthetic data sampled from ground-truth Markov jump processes, experimental switching ion channel data and molecular dynamics simulations. Source code to reproduce our experiments is available online.

The acquisition of accurate channel state information (CSI) is of utmost importance since it provides performance improvement of wireless communication systems. However, acquiring accurate CSI, which can be done through channel estimation or channel prediction, is an intricate task due to the complexity of the time-varying and frequency selectivity of the wireless environment. To this end, we propose an efficient machine learning (ML)-based technique for channel prediction in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) sub-bands. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the training of channel fading samples used to estimate future channel behaviour in selective fading.

This paper begins with the premise that adverbs are neglected in computational linguistics. This view derives from two analyses: a literature review and a novel adverb dataset to probe a state-of-the-art language model, thereby uncovering systematic gaps in accounts for adverb meaning. We suggest that using Frame Semantics for characterizing word meaning, as in FrameNet, provides a promising approach to adverb analysis, given its ability to describe ambiguity, semantic roles, and null instantiation.

Building robust, interpretable, and secure artificial intelligence system requires some degree of quantifying and representing uncertainty via a probabilistic perspective, as it allows to mimic human cognitive abilities. However, probabilistic computation presents significant challenges due to its inherent complexity. In this paper, we develop an efficient and interpretable probabilistic computation framework by truncating the probabilistic representation up to its first two moments, i.e., mean and covariance. We instantiate the framework by training a deterministic surrogate of a stochastic network that learns the complex probabilistic representation via combinations of simple activations, encapsulating the non-linearities coupling of the mean and covariance. We show that when the mean is supervised for optimizing the task objective, the unsupervised covariance spontaneously emerging from the non-linear coupling with the mean faithfully captures the uncertainty associated with model predictions. Our research highlights the inherent computability and simplicity of probabilistic computation, enabling its wider application in large-scale settings.