Francis Fukuyama famously said in his 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man, that history had come to an end circa 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall. It announced the end of the Cold War, the collapse of Soviet Russia and, generally, of communism as an economic system, and, correlatively, the unopposed global spread of liberal democracy. One hundred and eighty years before Fukuyama, Hegel had said something similar when he saw Napoleon on horseback riding into the town of Jena in 1806. Napoleon was, for many in those early days, the symbol of the spread of freedom through Europe and against the tyranny of monarchy. There is today the suspicion coming from both Marxists and conservatives alike that the imminent transformation of the labour process, its complete automation through robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), will bring about the end of history.

Artificial intelligence may have begun as mere fiction in books like "Frankenstein" and "Robots," but it is now very real. As technology advances, we see more and more uses for AI.

Consciousness is commonly tied to being alive; a trait that allows one to be self-aware of themselves and their place in the world. However, whether or not consciousness is tied to our conventional definition of what it means to be alive is now a topic of discussion amongst roboticists and philosophers. A key difference, according to some academic circles, is that consciousness is considered to be multi-dimensional, while at the same time, artificial and human consciousness may in fact be more closely related than we think. According to renowned Australian robotics philosopher David Chalmers, consciousness should be analyzed from an object's point of view of experience. As quoted in his 1995 paper on defining consciousness, he wrote: "A subject is conscious when she feels visual experiences, bodily sensations, mental images, emotions."

Check out the on-demand sessions from the Low-Code/No-Code Summit to learn how to successfully innovate and achieve efficiency by upskilling and scaling citizen developers. Even as many enterprises are just starting to dip their toes into the AI pool with rudimentary machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models, a new form of the technology known as symbolic AI is emerging from the lab that has the potential to upend both the way AI functions and how it relates to its human overseers. Symbolic AI's adherents say it more closely follows the logic of biological intelligence because it analyzes symbols, not just data, to arrive at more intuitive, knowledge-based conclusions. It's most commonly used in linguistics models such as natural language processing (NLP) and natural language understanding (NLU), but it is quickly finding its way into ML and other types of AI where it can bring much-needed visibility into algorithmic processes. The technology actually dates back to the 1950s, says expert.ai's

In 1950, when Alan Turing conceived "The Imitation Game" as a test of computer behavior, it was unimaginable that humans of the future would spend most hours of their day glued to a screen, inhabiting the world of machines more than the world of people. That is the Copernican Shift in AI. "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'" Buried in the controversy this summer about Google's LaMDA language model, which an engineer claimed was sentient, is a hint about a big change that's come over artificial intelligence since Alan Turing defined the idea of the "Turing Test" in an essay in 1950. Turing, a British mathematician who laid the groundwork for computing, offered what he called the "Imitation Game." Two entities, one a person, one a digital computer, are asked questions by a third entity, a human interrogator.

In 1950, when Alan Turing conceived "The Imitation Game" as a test of computer behavior, it was unimaginable that humans of the future would spend most hours of their day glued to a screen, inhabiting the world of machines more than the world of people. That is the Copernican Shift in AI. "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'" Buried in the controversy this summer about Google's LaMDA language model, which an engineer claimed was sentient, is a hint about a big change that's come over artificial intelligence since Alan Turing defined the idea of the "Turing Test" in an essay in 1950. Turing, a British mathematician who laid the groundwork for computing, offered what he called the "Imitation Game." Two entities, one a person, one a digital computer, are asked questions by a third entity, a human interrogator.

London's Science Museum unveils a new blockbuster exhibition dedicated to science fiction. Sourcing some of the greatest examples of the genre, over 70 objects and art works from across the globe invite us to contemplate what makes us human, and consider imagination's role in building our common future. Science Fiction: Voyage to the Edge of Imagination will be at the Science Museum until May 2023.

Many histories of AI start with Homer and his description of how the crippled, blacksmith god Hephaestus fashioned for himself self-propelled tripods on wheels and "golden" assistants, "in appearance like living young women" who "from the immortal gods learned how to do things." I prefer to stay as close as possible to the notion of "artificial intelligence" in the sense of intelligent humans actually creating, not just imagining, tools, mechanisms, and concepts for assisting our cognitive processes or automating (and imitating) them. UNITED STATES - CIRCA 1943: Machine's Can't Think (Photo by Buyenlarge/Getty Images) In 1308, Catalan poet and theologian Ramon Llull completed Ars generalis ultima (The Ultimate General Art), further perfecting his method of using paper-based mechanical means to create new knowledge from combinations of concepts. Llull devised a system of thought that he wanted to impart to others to assist them in theological debates, among other intellectual pursuits. He wanted to create a universal language using a logical combination of terms.

What is consciousness, what is the difference between human consciousness and the consciousness of mammals, do other representatives of the animal world have consciousness, do insects have consciousness. Many philosophers, scientists, over the centuries, tried to define consciousness, tried to find out what human consciousness is, what mammalian consciousness is, and in general, whether consciousness exists in animals. And at present, this question remains open. Even regarding himself, a person cannot give an exhaustive answer -- what is consciousness, not to mention representatives of the rest of the animal world. The question of consciousness lies on the border between philosophy and science.

Mathematician Alan Turing changed history in 1950 with a simple question: "Can machines think?" The phrase artificial intelligence (AI) was coined in 1956, yet the pharmaceutical industry embraced artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) only about 15 to 20 years ago as a technology for use in drug discovery and drug development. It is critical to move beyond simply using AI as a buzzword and instead determine if AI/ML does indeed change the discovery and clinical development process by bringing innovation to patients faster and at a lower investment.