Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning often requires decentralised policies, which severely limit the agents' ability to coordinate their behaviour. In this paper, we show that common knowledge between agents allows for complex decentralised coordination. Common knowledge arises naturally in a large number of decentralised cooperative multi-agent tasks, for example, when agents can reconstruct parts of each others' observations. Since agents can independently agree on their common knowledge, they can execute complex coordinated policies that condition on this knowledge in a fully decentralised fashion. We propose multi-agent common knowledge reinforcement learning (MACKRL), a novel stochastic actor-critic algorithm that learns a hierarchical policy tree.

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Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain platform company, NetObjex, has showcased a first-of-its-kind smart parking payment solution using the IOTA decentralised network and cryptocurrency.

Knowing what blockchain is and how it can contribute to solving some of the world's biggest challenges is one thing; knowing how to develop a blockchain strategy is another thing altogether. Meanwhile, understanding how to implement a blockchain strategy within your business is even more difficult. Blockchain, particularly when used in concert with emerging technologies such as Big Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence or the Internet of Things, offers organisations an opportunity to re-think their internal processes, remove inefficiencies and build a better organisation. However, within large process-oriented organisations, transforming a centralised business to a decentralised organisation, where cryptography is used to create trust, where smart contracts automate decision-making, and where governance is embedded in the code, can be a daunting task. While in fact, the steps that are required to transform your business into a decentralised organisation are clear and straightforward.

Knowing what blockchain is and how it can contribute to solving some of the world's biggest challenges is one thing; knowing how to develop a blockchain strategy is another thing altogether. Meanwhile, understanding how to implement a blockchain strategy within your business is even more difficult. Blockchain, particularly when used in concert with emerging technologies such as Big Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence or the Internet of Things, offers organisations an opportunity to re-think their internal processes, remove inefficiencies and build a better organisation. However, within large process-oriented organisations, transforming a centralised business to a decentralised organisation, where cryptography is used to create trust, where smart contracts automate decision-making, and where governance is embedded in the code, can be a daunting task. While in fact, the steps that are required to transform your business into a decentralised organisation are clear and straightforward.