### Under the Hood of the Variational Autoencoder (in Prose and Code)

Helpfully, TensorFlow comes with a built-in visualization dashboard.

### CS 229 - Supervised Learning Cheatsheet

Given a set of data points $\{x {(1)}, ..., x {(m)}\}$ associated to a set of outcomes $\{y {(1)}, ..., y {(m)}\}$, we want to build a classifier that learns how to predict $y$ from $x$. Hypothesis ― The hypothesis is noted $h_\theta$ and is the model that we choose. Loss function ― A loss function is a function $L:(z,y)\in\mathbb{R}\times Y\longmapsto L(z,y)\in\mathbb{R}$ that takes as inputs the predicted value $z$ corresponding to the real data value $y$ and outputs how different they are. Remark: Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is updating the parameter based on each training example, and batch gradient descent is on a batch of training examples. Likelihood ― The likelihood of a model $L(\theta)$ given parameters $\theta$ is used to find the optimal parameters $\theta$ through maximizing the likelihood.

### AI Notes: Parameter optimization in neural networks - deeplearning.ai

In machine learning, you start by defining a task and a model. The model consists of an architecture and parameters. For a given architecture, the values of the parameters determine how accurately the model performs the task. But how do you find good values? By defining a loss function that evaluates how well the model performs.

### Regret Circuits: Composability of Regret Minimizers

Automated decision-making is one of the core objectives of artificial intelligence. Not surprisingly, over the past few years, entire new research fields have emerged to tackle that task. This blog post is concerned with regret minimization, one of the central tools in online learning. Regret minimization models the problem of repeated online decision making: an agent is called to make a sequence of decisions, under unknown (and potentially adversarial) loss functions. Regret minimization is a versatile mathematical abstraction, that has found a plethora of practical applications: portfolio optimization, computation of Nash equilibria, applications to markets and auctions, submodular function optimization, and more.

### CS 230 - Recurrent Neural Networks Cheatsheet

Architecture of a traditional RNN ― Recurrent neural networks, also known as RNNs, are a class of neural networks that allow previous outputs to be used as inputs while having hidden states. Applications of RNNs ― RNN models are mostly used in the fields of natural language processing and speech recognition. Backpropagation through time ― Backpropagation is done at each point in time. Vanishing/exploding gradient ― The vanishing and exploding gradient phenomena are often encountered in the context of RNNs. The reason why they happen is that it is difficult to capture long term dependencies because of multiplicative gradient that can be exponentially decreasing/increasing with respect to the number of layers.