In 1939, he defended a thesis on a new method of calculating A special session entitled "Future Directions In Artificial He was awarded the title Candidate of Intelligence in Washington, D.C. in August. The session, Technical Sciences by the Moscow Institute of Energetics, chaired by Jack Minker, was held to honor Soviet cyberneticist where he worked as a lecturer until the USSR entered World Alexander Yankelovich Lerner's seventieth birthday. He was then commissioned to work at an iron and Minker described Dr. Lerner's contributions to science. The two years of practical work at the Patrick Winston gave a technical presentation, followed by plant led to his book Construction of Industraal Automatic questions from the audience. Electrzcal Drives, published in 1950, together with E.A. Following the session, 228 attendees signed a letter wishing Rosenman. After the war he was appointed head of the Dr. Lerner a happy birthday, and 233 attendees signed USSR's newly established Central ...

Founded in 1972 to develop and disseminate new ideas in computer science, the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) is an off-campus research center of the University of Southern California, with a combined research and support staff of over one hundred. The Institute engages in a broad set of research and application-oriented projects in the computer sciences. These projects range from basic efforts, through development of prototype systems, to operation of a major Arpanet computer facility. The Institute AI research focuses on program synthesis user interfaces, programming environments, natural language, and expert systems. AI researchers are supported by ten personal Lisp workstations, several VAXs, two TOPS-20 systems, and a magnificent view of Marina del Rey.

This article presents a dual dependency between AI and programming methodologies. AI is an important source of ideas and tools for building sophisticated support facilities which make possible certain programming methodologies. These advanced programming methodologies in turn can have profound effects upon the methodology of AI research. Both of these dependencies are illustrated by the example of anew experimental programming methodology which is based upon current AI ideas about reasoning, representation and control. The manner in which AI systems are designed, developed and tested can be significantly improved in the programming is supported by a sufficiently powerful partial evaluator. In particular, the process of building levels of interpreters and of intertwining generate and test can be partially automated. Finally speculations about a more direct connection between AI and partial evaluation are presented.

Artificial intelligence, or AI, is largely an experimental science—at least as much progress has been made by building and analyzing programs as by examining theoretical questions. MYCIN is one of several well-known programs that embody some intelligence and provide data on the extent to which intelligent behavior can be programmed. As with other AI programs, its development was slow and not always in a forward direction. But we feel we learned some useful lessons in the course of nearly a decade of work on MYCIN and related programs. In this book we share the results of many experiments performed in that time, and we try to paint a coherent picture of the work. The book is intended to be a critical analysis of several pieces of related research, performed by a large number of scientists. We believe that the whole field of AI will benefit from such attempts to take a detailed retrospective look at experiments, for in this way the scientific foundations of the field will gradually be defined. It is for all these reasons that we have prepared this analysis of the MYCIN experiments.

The complete book in a single file.

AI NEEDS MORE EMF'HASIS ON BASIC RESEARCH Too few people are doing basic research in AT rela-language processing seems misguided to me. There is too tive to the number working on applications The ratio of much emphasis on syntax and not enough on the semantics. This is unfortunate, between existing AI formalisms and English miss the point. Even the applied goals press in English what we already know how to express in proposed by various groups in the U.S., Europe and Japan computerese. Rather we must study those ideas expressible for the next ten years are not just engineering extrapolations in natural language that no-one knows how to represent at from the present state of science.

A fifth answer is also advanced, but is immediately withdrawn. The Innovative Answer: "It also usually means getting fact, there are enough opinions for four men. Roger Schanks, and disagree with the other three. As & hank points out, this is unsatisfactory because it leads Schank hoped that his article would start a debate on to a shifting definition of AI. the issues he raised. Another of these answers, the learning answer, can also What are Schank's four views? Anyone who attempts to clarify a In answer to his question "What is AI all about?", he vague term, like AI, is allowed a certain amount of license in claims to see only two possible answers. The Scientific Answer: "that AI is concerned with highlighting other uses, but there are limits to this license.

The subject the idea has changed psychology, anthropology, sociology, is attempting to make sense of the world, and often coping and psychiatry should make its pervasiveness and importance with incomplete information, failure to understand, or lacking more evident.

Since the 1970's AI research has become very active in China and certain results have been achieved. This paper is intended to review briefly what was and is going on in AI field in China.

The Stanford Artificial Intelligence Project, later known as the Stanford AI Lab or SAIL, was created by Prof. John McCarthy shortly after his arrival at Stanford on 1962. As a faculty member in the Computer Science Division of the Mathematics Department, McCarthy began supervising research in artificial intelligence and timesharing systems with a few students. From this small start, McCarthy built a large and active research organization involving many other faculty and research projects as well as his own. There is no single theme to the SAIL memos. They cannot be easily categorized because they show a diversity of interests, resulting from the diversity of investigators and projects. Nevertheless, there are some important dimensions to the research that took place in the AI Lab that will try to put in historical context in this brief introduction.

While some proposals for supercomputers increase the powers of existing machines like CDC and Cray supercomputers, others suggest radical changes of architecture to speed up non-traditional operations such as logical inference in PROLOG, recognition/ action in production systems, or message passing. We examine the case of parallel PROLOG to identify several related computations which subsume those of parallel PROLOG, but which have much wider interest, and which may have roughly the same difficulty of mechanization. Similar considerations apply to some other proposed architectures as well, raising the possibility that current efforts may be limiting their aims unnecessarily.